U.S. has significant strategic and commercial interests in ensuring that provisions of convention are fully implemented into domestic law

Yet refusing to allow direct application of the Convention in U.S. courts would also carry costs. It is consistent with some U.S. traditions to regard international law, even as it applies to individuals, as fully justiciable law, like domestic statutory and case law. In this view, applying the Convention in U.S. cases concerning individuals would be an ordinary exercise ofjudicial authority. In general, direct application of the Convention in cases involving individuals could have the salutary effect of promoting respect for basic human rights in other countries. There may be other benefits of such application as well. Recognizing the direct applicability of the Convention's prompt release articles in U.S. court, for example, could defuse conflicts with other states. In addition, the U.S. tradition of promoting international trade and commerce - reflected in the Medellin dissent's concern that the majority's decision "threatens to deprive ...businesses [and] property owners ....of the workable dispute resolution procedures that many treaties, including commercially oriented treaties, provide"'¹⁰³ - suggests an historically strong reason not to read the Medellin Court's non-self-execution holding too broadly. The concern with safeguarding commercial relationships also counsels against writing the non-self-executing provisions of the Advice and Consent Resolution too broadly, or at least counsels in favor of insuring that U.S. legislation fully implements Convention provisions.